Introduction: Early maladaptive schemas are one of the most important psychological characteristics, and rumination and negative affect are important variables related to primary maladaptive schemas. This present study aims to determine the relationship between rumination and negative affect and primary maladaptive schemas in students of Islamic Azad University in Zanjan. Methods: This descriptive research is correlational. The statistical population studied in this research included all male and female students of Islamic Azad University, Zanjan branch, who are studying in different fields and levels in the academic year of 2021-2022, which includes 14, 000 people, which is a multi-stage random sampling method. They were selected. In the current research, Yang's schema questionnaire, Watson's negative affect effects, and Hoeksma and Maro's rumination were used to collecting data. The method of data analysis was Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression, using SPSS 24 software. Results: To predict rumination based on early maladaptive schemas in students, those who selected only vulnerability, deprivation, isolation, and rejection schemas from among the early maladaptive schemas were able to explain 13. 0% of the variance in rumination in four steps. To predict negative affect based on early maladaptive schemas in students, those who selected only vulnerability, entitlement, and attention-seeking schemata from among the early maladaptive schemas were able to explain 17. 0% of the variance in negative affect in three steps. Pearson's correlation results are significant at the 0. 001 level to investigate the relationship between rumination and negative affect with primary maladaptive schemas in students. Conclusions: Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that rumination and negative affect are related to primary maladaptive schemas. This is because primary maladaptive schemas predict rumination and negative affect.

Introduction: Biodesulfurization is used as a selective method for lowering the sulfur content of petroleum products.Materials and methods: A sulfur-oxidation bacterial strain named Rhodococcus erythropolis R1 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GU570564) was used in this study for desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT).Results: The induced culture of strain R1 was able to produce 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2- HBP) from DBT followed 4S pathway without further degrading carbon backbone. This process confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The specific activity of DBT desulfurization by R1 was 45 mM (g dry wt) -1 h-1. The addition of Tween 80 as surfactant and glycerol as carbon source determines a 100% rate of DBT-desulfurization during 3 days. The heavy plasmid detected in R1 strain carries dsz genes responsible for biodesulfurization of DBT that was shown by PCR reaction. The mutant strains which had lost this plasmid also had lost desulfurization phenotype. Both mutant and wild strain were sensitive to high concentration of 2-HBP and some antibiotics.Discussion and conclusion: Strain R1 desulfurize DBT through the sulfur-specific degradation pathway or 4S pathway with the selective cleavage of carbon-sulfur (C-S) bonds without reducing the energy content. Addition of surfactant enhanced the desulfurization of DBT by increasing its bioavailability and also could improve the growth and desulfurization rate. The location of desulfurization genes was on a heavy plasmid in strain R1. Based on the results of this study, R. erythropolis R1 could serve as a model system for efficient biodesulfurization of petroleum oil without reducing the energy value.

Although health anxiety is a rare type of anxiety in adolescents and children, it has a negative impact on their mental health. Health anxiety refers to worries and fears about one’, s health and physical sensations. The current study aimed to examine the correlation of early maladaptive schemas with automatic negative thoughts and health anxiety in school students. This correlational research was conducted in 2022 in Tabriz, Iran. The participants were 200 students recruited through convenience sampling method. To collect data, we used the Health Anxiety Inventory, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short. The early maladaptive schema’, s factors were significantly correlated with health anxiety and automatic negative thoughts (P=0. 001). Early maladaptive schemas are pervasive dysfunctional themes or patterns that negatively impress people’, s thoughts and lead to misinterpretations about internal and external events.

Introduction: Emotions are one aspect of human behavior. Positive and negative emotions are central to many theories of developmental and personality psychology as well as psychological pathology. This study aimed to explain the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation for maladaptive schemas and negative affects. Materials and Methods: The present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all students of Marvdasht Azad University who were studying. Participants in the study were 299 students of different faculties of Marvdasht Azad University who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnowski et al., Watson et al. and Young's maladaptive schemas, which confirmed the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data analysis was performed using spss-24 software at both descriptive and inferential levels. To investigate the studied hypotheses, Baron and Kenny method and multiple regression in inter manner and hierachical regression were used to study hypothesis. Findings: The findings of the research showed that positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation has a mediating role in relationship between maladaptive schemas and negative affects. Conclusion: By teaching adaptive emotion regulation strategies in this group, the negative impact of maladaptive schemas on their negative affects, can be reduced and the level of negative affects, in these people can be reduced. Extended Abstract Introduction Affects are one of the aspects of human behavior that play an important role in human life. Positive and negative affects are central to many theories of developmental and personality psychology as well as psychological pathology (1). Negative affect refers to a general dimension of inner unhappiness and engaging in unpleasantness, and includes unpleasant moods such as anger, hatred, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness (3). One of the influential factors related to negative affects is cognitive regulation of emotion. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are self-conscious mechanisms that a person uses to cope with adverse situations (10, 11). In fact, positive and negative emotions can be of great value in predicting and modifying health outcomes and acting according to moods (12). One of the psychological factors that seems to be related to cognitive regulation of emotion is maladaptive schemas. Schemas, in the face of new stimuli based on their previous structure, encode and evaluate the information obtained, thus influencing people's attitudes toward themselves and the world around them. Early maladaptive schemas are deep and pervasive patterns or themes that form during childhood or adolescence, persist in life, relate to one's relationship with oneself and others, and are highly dysfunctional (17). Accordingly, the aim of this study is to explain the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation for maladaptive schemas and negative affects. Materials and Methods The present study is a descriptive correlational study and the statistical population of the study was all female students of Marvdasht Azad University who were studying in 2018-2019. Participants in the study were 299 students of different faculties of Marvdasht Azad University who were selected from the faculties of Marvdasht Azad University by multi-stage cluster sampling. In this study, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001), the Negative Emotion Scale (Watson et al, 1988), and the maladaptive schemas scale (Young, 1998) were used. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale: This questionnaire was designed by Garnefski et al. (2001) which includes 7 cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Which contains 36 items that are scored in a five-point Likert scale (13 (. In Besharat et al. 's (2014) study, Cronbach's alpha was obtained from 0. 64 to 0. 82 for 9 subscales (19). In this study, Cronbach's alpha was calculated 0. 93 for cognitive regulation of positive emotion and 0. 89 for cognitive regulation of negative emotion. Negative Affects Scale: This questionnaire was developed and validated by Watson et al. (1988). This is a 10-point scale with a Likert scale of five options (1). In Cronbach's alpha study, this questionnaire (0. 82) was obtained (20). The results of confirmatory factor analysis and construct validity of the Persian version confirmed the negative affects. Cronbach's alpha in the present study was 0. 90 for negative affects. Incompatible Schemas Scale: The short form is a 75-item questionnaire designed in 1998 by Young et al. To measure 15 initial cognitive schemas. Each item is graded using six options. In the study of wellburn et al. (2002), all 15 subscales of the short form of the schema questionnaire were calculated from 0. 76 to 0. 93 (21). In the present study, Cronbach's alpha for disconnection and rejection of 0. 89 and other-directedness other of 0. 80,overvigilance and inhibition of 0. 78,impaired limits of 0. 82 and performance of 0. 89. Findings Information was evaluated at both descriptive and inferential levels. According to the results of Pearson correlation test in Table 2, cognitive regulation of positive emotion has a negative and significant relationship with the areas of disturbed, other orientation and attentionality. The cognitive regulation of negative emotion has a positive and significant relationship with the domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, other-directedness, overvigilance and inhibition, and impaired limits. negative affects also have a significant relationship with the field of impaired autonomy and cognitive regulation of positive emotions. Hypothesis 1: Maladaptive schema predict cognitive emotion regulation. According to Table 3, the values of t for disconnection and rejection, other-directedness and Overvigilance are significant. These three dimensions have significant predictive power for cognitive regulation of positive emotion and are able to predict a total of 18. 1% of the variance of cognitive regulation of positive emotion. According to the results in Table 4, the value of index f is significant for regression test. Also, the values of t are significant for the dimensions of the impaired limits and Overvigilance. These two dimensions have significant predictive power for cognitive regulation of negative emotion. Predict a total of 28. 1% of the variance in cognitive regulation of negative emotion. Hypothesis 2: Cognitive emotion regulation predicts positive emotions. According to the results of Table 5, the value of index f is significant for regression test and these two dimensions have significant predictive power for negative affects. Predict a total of 18% of the variance of negative affects. Hypothesis 3: Inconsistent schemas predict positive emotions. According to the results in Table 6, the value of index f is significant for regression test. Only the self regulation has a significant predictive power for positive emotions and predict a total of 17% of the variance of negative affects. Hypothesis 4: Cognitive emotion regulation is able to play a mediating role in the relationship between maladaptive schemas and negative affects. The self regulation is able to predict 17% of the variance of negative affects. In the second order and with the introduction of positive and negative emotion cognitive regulation, the beta value of the self regulation in the second order has slightly decreased compared to the first order. The value of the forecast coefficient has also increased from 17 to 25%. It can be said that the cognitive regulation of positive and negative emotions has a minor mediating role in the relationship between maladaptive schema and negative affects. Discussion Findings showed that cognitive emotion regulation can play a full mediating role in the relationship between maladaptive schemas and negative affects. These results are in line with the research of Martin and Dahlen (2005) and Talebakhsh et al. (2017). The presence of maladaptive schemas in people causes people to use adaptive and positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation less, and as a result, there is more negative affects in these people. On the other hand, the existence of maladaptive schemas causes people to use more non-adaptive and negative cognitive regulation strategies of emotion regulation, and as a result, to have more negative affects. People who use positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the face of stressful life events increase their tolerance for stress and experience less negative affects by attributing new meaning to their emotions. In contrast, people who use cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the face of stress blame themselves, blame others, catastrophic and rumination, and these factors increase their negative affects. People with self-centered schemas cannot acquire an identity independent of the family and manage their lives without the help of others. As a result, they experience more negative affects. It can be found that training and paying attention to the use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in times of stress reduces negative affects. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines All subjects full fill the informed consent. Funding No funding. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Azarmidokht Rezaei,Mohammad Khayyer, Nadere Sohrabi shegefti Methodology and data analysis: Shahrzad Mizani,Mohammad Khayyer Supervision and final writing: Shahrzad Mizani,Azarmidokht Rezaei. Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.

The postmodern novels "Divorced Diaries" by Haifa Bitar and "Vanhadeh" by Simon de Beauvoir are the first-person narrators of the daily lives of two divorced women as the protagonists of the mentioned novels. The importance of this research is because the neurotic character of both novels makes it possible to look at the hero of the two novels with a psychotic perspective and to investigate Jeffrey Young's initial inconsistent schemas in their characters with a comparative method. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method. This research aims to have a concrete view of the society of Syria and France and reveal the effective factors in the formation of these schemas in the hero of two novels and scrutinize them with the example of the witness. The research results indicate that the heroines of these two novels are both abandoned by their husbands and suffer from the same primary incompatible schemas. Both protagonists of the novel suffer from various primary maladaptive schemas of dependence/incompetence, defect/shame, and abandonment/instability (abandonment), which, in the order of their origin, depend on/incompetence in them. Relying on the father in doing all the daily tasks, even doing the homework, especially at the teenage age, which is the stage of reaching independence and self-sufficiency. In addition, there is a schema of defect/shame arising from their being rejected by their spouses and their divorce by them, as well as a schema of rejection/instability caused by their shaky relationships.